Prevention and treatment of Nosema disease in bees

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for reducing susceptibility and enhancing tolerance to  Nosema  disease (Nosemosis) using RNA interference technology, and more particularly, prevention and treatment of  Nosema  infections in honeybees by feeding of  Nosema -specific dsRNA.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/318,636 filed on Nov. 3, 2011, which is a National Phase of PCTPatent Application No. PCT/IB2010/051980 having International filingdate of May 5, 2010, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/213,086 filed on May 5, 2009. Thecontents of the above applications are all incorporated by reference asif fully set forth herein in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING STATEMENT

The ASCII file, entitled 60245SequenceListing.txt, created on Aug. 13,2014, comprising 50,913.275 bytes, submitted concurrently with thefiling of this application is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to compositions and methods for reducingsusceptibility to Nosema spp infection in bees and more particularly, tothe use of composition for reduction of Nosema mitosomial geneexpression for prevention and treatment of Nosema spp in honeybees.

BACKGROUND

The importance of honeybees and other pollinating insects to the globalworld economy far surpasses their contribution in terms of honeyproduction. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimatesthat every third bite we consume in our diet is dependent on a honeybeeto pollinate that food. The total contribution of pollination in termsof added value to fruit crops exceeds $15 billion per annum, withindirect potential consequence of $75 billion dollars.

Microsporidia are basal fungi and obligate intracellular parasites ofother eukaryotes characterized by extreme genomic and cellularreduction. Two described species of microsporidia, Nosema apis andNosema ceranae, cause a widespread and destructive disease in adulthoney bee. Nosema disease is widespread across the world, and it hasbeen observed that nosema pathogenesis, together with increased viralload, are the best predictors of weak and collapsing colonies. InEurope, disappearing colony syndrome has been directly attributed toNosema ceranae, and the risk of colony depopulation is six times higherin colonies infected with N. ceranae than in uninfected ones. Recently,it was shown that natural Nosema ceranae infection can cause the suddencollapse of bee colonies.

Transmission of Nosema in honey bee colonies is mainly via thefecal-oral route in which pathogens are spread from diseased hosts touninfected hosts via ingestion of nucleated Nosema spores from fecalmaterial from infected bees. The spores geminate within the midgut andrelease polar tubes that transfer their sporoplasm into midgutepithelial cells. Inside the cell, the sporoplasm grows to form amultinuclear plasmodium, or “meront”, replicating to generate morespores, usually numbering in the millions per infected bee.

Current Anti-Nosema Protocol: Fumagillin

Fumagillin is an antibiotic derived from the fungus Aspergillusfumigates. It is an anti-angiogenic agent that covalently andselectively binds and inhibits the methionine aminopeptidase, MetAP-2and has been used for many years to treat microsporidiosis caused byNosema in honeybees. It is used extensively in the United States wherebeekeepers drench their hives in sucrose solution containing Fumagillin.However, Fumagillin does not kill Nosema spores, and has rapidlydeteriorating potency after application, resulting in only partial andtemporary anti-Nosema effect, since new bees emerge constantly in acolony, and re-application is required several times a year. Indeed,differences between treated and untreated colonies disappear severalmonths after treatment, with several different etiologies.

-   a) Nosema-infected colonies naturally recover during the summer-   b) fumagillin loses its efficacy or-   c) fumagillin becomes depleted from colony honey stores

In humans, Fumagillin was used more than 40 years ago for the treatmentof intestinal amebiasis, and it is effective when used topically.However, a recent study showed that Fumigillin caused serious toxic sideeffects (neutropenia and thrombocytopenia) in patients that were treatedfor microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi.

Of further concern is the possibility that Nosema, multiplying in themillions in each bee gut, will eventually develop resistance toFumagillin, as has been the experience with other antibiotics that arecopiously applied. Thus, possible resistance of Nosema to Fumagillinmakes many beekeepers around the world understandably concerned aboutit's widespread use for prevention of Nosema infection. Due to these andother concerns, Fumagillin's use for treating Nosema in honeybees hasalready been prohibited in Europe.

Nosema and Microsporidian Genetics

Several Microsporidian genomes, including the human Encephalitozooncuniculi (E. cunuculi), have been published to date. The sequenceanalysis of E. cuniculi revealed a very small and compacted genome of2.9-megabase, comprising of nearly 2000 genes. Due to its extremereduction, E. cuniculi genome lacks most of the introns and intergenicspacers usually found in eukaryotic genomes. The majority of the genesare also shorter than their corresponding homologues. In addition,in-depth analysis of the predicted genes showed absence of genes of somebiosynthetic and metabolic pathways, while other such pathways includeda relatively limited number of genes. Recent studies using thesequencing information have revealed some details of microsporidianevolution and metabolism such as homologues of bacterial ADP/ATPtransporter suspected important in E. cunuculi energy metabolism.

Being an obligate parasite, E. cuniculi, and microsporidia in general,relies on its host to provide it with the energetic and metabolic needs.The compensation pathways, and their function, are poorly understood.

For many years, microsporidia were thought be lacking the mitochondria,and accordingly proposed to have evolved before the appearance of theeukaryotic mitochondria. Nosema lack electron transport chain and Kreb'scycle, however, recently a highly reduced organelle, extremely reducedboth in size and biochemical complexity, called the mitosome wasidentified, a probable relic from a primitive mitochondrion. To date,only 20 mitosomal proteins were identified, in contrast to the yeastmitochondrion, which contains about 1000 proteins.

Recently, a draft sequence of the Nosema ceranae genome was published,enabling further analysis of protein homologies and revealing asignificant homology to, while distinct diversity from the E. cunuculigenome, and only few genes orthologous with that of S. cerevisae.

Intracellular symbiotic organisms use mitochondrial carrier familyproteins (MCF) in order to acquire various substrates, including ATP,from the host cell, in order to provide the energy for the proteintransport and other necessary mitosomal activities. However, as themicrosporidian genomes have apparently lost all of the genes for the MCFproteins, it is not known how the parasite's mitosome acquires thenecessary ATP for its function. Several bacterial intracellularparasites, such as Rickettsia, possess a nucleotide transporter which isused for ATP import from their eukaryotic host cell. Homologues of thesegenes were identified in the E. cuniculi genome, however, the use ofsuch bacterial-like nucleotide transporters to acquire ATP from aeukaryotic cell is unknown in a eukaryotic parasite. There are nohomologues of these proteins in either vertebrate or invertebratespecies sequenced to date.

Gene Silencing in Invertebrates

The process of post-transcriptional gene silencing is most likely acellular defense mechanism used to prevent the expression of foreigngenes, thought to be shared across kingdoms. The presence of long dsRNAsin cells stimulates the activity of a ribonuclease III enzyme referredto as Dicer, which is involved in the processing of the dsRNA into shortpieces known as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These are typicallyabout 21 to about 23 nucleotides in length and comprise about 19 basepair duplexes. The RNAi response also features an endonuclease complex,commonly referred to as an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), whichmediates cleavage of single-stranded RNA having sequence complementarityto the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex. In some organisms, anamplification stage may follow the initiation stage of gene silencing,involving an RNA dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRP), which may subsequentlylead to degradation of RNAs outside the initial dsRNA region ofhomology. It has been shown in some species that RNAi mediatedinterference spreads from the initial site of dsRNA delivery, producinginterference phenotypes throughout the injected animal. In someinvertebrates, including honeybees, a systemic interference defective(SID) gene encoding a transmembrane protein important to the systemicRNAi pathway has been identified. Apparently, these SID1-like proteinschannel dsRNAs between cells, enabling a mechanism of systemic spread ofthe silencing signal. However, an invertebrate RdRP homologue has notyet been described. Recently, gene silencing by feeding viral dsRNA hasbeen demonstrated effective in combating IAPV infection in honeybees(PCT IL2008/001440).

Microsporidia have been classified as Fungi, which have shown anevolutionarily diverse repertoire of silencing proteins. Some of theseare distinct from vertebrate silencing homologues. In Trypanosoma bruceia DICER-like homologue was identified. RISC homologues have also beendescribed, and RNAi-related transcripts have been identified in simple,parasitic eukaryotes such as Giardia and Trichomonas. However, thefunction of such enzymes and their products is unclear. Further,although DICER and RISC enzymes have been detected in some species ofTrypanosomes, other Trypanosomes have been identified as RNAi-negative,consistent with the observation that many eukaryotic parasites aregenetically heterogeneous where RNAi pathways are concerned (Ullu et al,2004).

RNAi gene silencing in intracellular eukaryotic parasites has beendemonstrated either for host proteins suspected of critical roles in theparasites life cycle (as in T. cruzi), or in free-living forms, such asthe extra-cellular forms of Plasmodium and T. brucei that can becultured in-vitro. As opposed to the numerous studies with viralparasites, to date, no endogenous gene silencing in intracellular formsof eukaryotic parasites has been demonstrated. In addition to therequirement of traversing at least one parasite membrane of undefinedpermeability and composition, additional obstacles to effective RNAimethodology for intracellular forms of eukaryotic parasites include theheterogeneity of RNAi pathways in lower, parasitic eukaryotes, poorunderstanding of the function of such pathways, and the limitedknowledge of parasite metabolism, and therefore difficulty in selectingeffective targets for silencing the parasite genes.

There is thus a need and it would be highly desirable to have methodsfor effective, gene silencing in Nosema, in order to prevent and treatNosema infection in honeybees.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided an isolated nucleic acid agent comprising a nucleicacid sequence downregulating expression of a gene product of a Nosemaparasite.

According to another aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising an isolatednucleic acid agent comprising a nucleic acid sequence downregulatingexpression of a gene product of a Nosema parasite.

According to yet another aspect of some embodiments of the presentinvention there is provided a bee-ingestible composition comprising anisolated nucleic acid agent comprising a nucleic acid sequencedownregulating expression of a gene product of a Nosema parasite.

According to some embodiments of the invention the bee-ingestiblecomposition is in solid form.

According to some embodiments of the invention the bee-ingestiblecomposition is in liquid form.

According to some embodiments of the invention the bee-ingestiblecomposition comprises protein.

According to some embodiments of the invention the protein is in theform of pollen and/or soy patties.

According to some embodiments of the invention the liquid is a sucrosesolution or a corn syrup solution.

According to some embodiments of the invention the liquid furthercomprises a carbohydrate or sugar supplement.

According to still another aspect of some embodiments of the presentinvention there is provided a method for reducing the susceptibility ofa bee to a Nosema infection comprising feeding the bee an effectiveamount of an isolated nucleic acid agent comprising a nucleic acidsequence downregulating expression of a gene product of a Nosemaparasite, thereby reducing the susceptibility of the bee to the Nosemainfection.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method for reducing the susceptibility of a bee to aNosema infection comprising feeding the bee an effective amount of thenucleic acid agent comprising nucleic acid sequences downregulating theexpression of at least one Nosema ATP/ADP transporter protein orhomologue thereof and least one Nosema mitosomal protein, therebyreducing the susceptibility of said bee to the Nosema infection.

According to another aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of reducing the susceptibility of honeybeesto Nosema infection, the method comprising feeding to the honeybee hivean effective amount of double stranded ribonucleic nucleic acid (dsRNA),said double stranded RNA comprising at least one sequence complementaryto at least 21 nucleotides of a Nosema-specific mRNA and capable ofinducing degradation of the Nosema-specific mRNA.

According to some embodiments of the invention the gene product is anmRNA encoding a Nosema polypeptide.

According to some embodiments of the invention the agent is selectedfrom the group consisting of a dsRNA, an antisense RNA and a ribozyme.

According to some embodiments of the invention the dsRNA is selectedfrom the group consisting of siRNA, shRNA and miRNA.

According to some embodiments of the invention the nucleic acid sequenceis greater than 15 base pairs in length.

According to some embodiments of the invention the nucleic acid sequenceis 19 to 25 base pairs in length.

According to some embodiments of the invention the nucleic acid sequenceis greater than 30 base pairs in length.

According to some embodiments of the invention the Nosema parasite is N.ceranae or N. apis.

According to some embodiments of the invention the Nosema parasite is N.ceranae and the gene product is an mRNA encoding a Nosema mitosomalprotein.

According to some embodiments of the invention the Nosema mitosomalprotein is selected from the group consisting of TOM70, T1M22, TOM40,Imp2, mitochondrial Hsp70, ATM1-ABC transporter proteins, Frataxin,Ferredoxin, ERV1, ferredoxin, NADPH oxido-reductase [FNR], pyruvatedehydrogenase α subunit, pyruvate dehydrogenase β subunit, mitochondrialglycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtG3PDH), manganese-containingsuperoxide dismutase (MnSOD), DNAJ (Hsp70 interacting), Iron Sulfurcluster ISU1, Cystein desulfurase Nsf1, NAR1 and RLI1.

According to some embodiments of the invention the nucleic acid sequenceis complementary to a sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs:55-252698.

According to some embodiments of the invention the Nosema parasite is N.ceranae and the gene product is an mRNA encoding a Nosema ATP/ADPtransporter protein or homologue thereof.

According to some embodiments of the invention the ATP/ADP transporterprotein or homologue thereof is selected from the group consisting ofproteins encoded by SEQ ID NOs: 44, 45, 46 and 47.

According to some embodiments of the invention the isolated nucleic acidagent comprises at least two nucleic acid sequences downregulatingexpression of a gene product of a Nosema parasite. The at least twonucleic acid sequences can be contiguous or non-contiguous with respectto one another.

According to some embodiments of the invention nucleic acid sequencesdownregulate the expression of at least two Nosema mitosomal proteins.

According to some embodiments of the invention the nucleic acidsequences downregulate the expression of at least one Nosema ATP/ADPtransporter protein or homologue thereof and least one Nosema mitosomalprotein.

According to some embodiments of the invention the nucleic acidsequences comprise at least one nucleic acid sequence complementary tothe sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59 and at least one nucleic acidsequence complementary to a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 57 and58.

According to some embodiments of the invention the nucleic acidsequences comprise a plurality of sequences having at least one nucleicacid sequence complementary to a sequence as set forth in each of SEQ IDNO: 59, 55, 56, 57 and 58.

According to some embodiments of the invention the bee is a honeybee, aforager, or a hive bee.

According to some embodiments of the invention the Nosema infection is aNosema ceranae or a Nosema apis infection.

According to some embodiments of the invention the infection is a Nosemaceranae infection and feeding the effective amount of the nucleic acidagent reduces mortality from the infection.

According to some embodiments of the invention the nucleic acid agentcomprises a nucleic acid sequence selected complementary to any of thesequences as set forth in the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 55-252698.

According to some embodiments of the invention the nucleic acid agentcomprises a plurality of nucleic acid sequences complementary to any ofthe sequences as set forth in each of the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs: 57, 58 and 59.

According to some embodiments of the invention the feeding comprisesproviding a liquid bee-ingestible composition.

According to some embodiments of the invention the feeding comprisesproviding a solid bee-ingestible composition.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and/or scientific terms usedherein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplarymethods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, thepatent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition,the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are notintended to be necessarily limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the accompanying drawings and images.With specific reference now to the drawings and images in detail, it isstressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and forpurposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. Inthis regard, the description taken with the drawings and images makesapparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the inventionmay be practiced.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is an alignment of E. cuniculi ATP transport protein sequences(Enc SEQ 1 is SEQ ID NO: 23; Enc SEQ 1 is SEQ ID NO: 24; Enc SEQ 1 isSEQ ID NO: 25; Enc SEQ 1 is SEQ ID NO: 26), and the homologues found inN. ceranae. EEQ82075.1 is SEQ ID NO: 27; EEQ83030.1 is SEQ ID NO: 44;EEQ82913.1 is SEQ ID NO: 46 and SEQ82872.1 is SEQ ID NO: 47;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing enhanced survival of bees fed dsRNA of N.ceranae ATP/ADP transport protein homologues. The Y-axis represents thenumber of surviving bees counted per minihive, at each time point andthe X-axis represents the number of days from inoculation with N.cerana. N=6 minihives per treatment;

FIG. 3 is a histogram showing reduced Nosema spore levels in bees founddead following feeding of hives and boxes with dsRNA of N. ceranaeATP/ADP transport protein homologues. Dead bees succumbing to Nosemainfection in box and minihive experiments were collected from day 7 today 15 post infection, and spores prepared for counting in ahaemacytometer as described herein. Uninfected bees (no Nosema sporesdetected) were excluded from the samples. Y-axis is mean spore count per16 squares. N=75 samples. Note that feeding the dsRNA of N. ceranaeATP/ADP transport protein homologues resulted in greater than three-foldlower spore count in the dead, infected bees, compared with untreatedcontrols;

FIG. 4 is a histogram showing reduced hunger in bees fed with dsRNA ofN. ceranae ATP/ADP transport protein homologues. Hunger, expressed asthe tendency of positive response in the Proboscis Extension Reflex(PER) assay, was consistently greater among untreated, infected controlbees (Nosema+Sucrose only) than bees fed with dsRNA of N. ceranaeATP/ADP transport protein homologues (Nosema+dsRNA). N=1000 totalresponses. Note that the increased threshold for PER response among beesfed with dsRNA of N. ceranae ATP/ADP transport protein homologues ismost clearly evident at low (<1%) sucrose concentrations, indicatingreduced metabolic stress in the treated bees;

FIG. 5 is a histogram illustrating the specific silencing of Nosema geneexpression by dsRNA of N. ceranae ATP/ADP transport protein homologues.Levels of gene expression of Nosema ATP/ADP transporter proteinhomologue NC123 in bees fed Nosema specific dsRNA was assayed byreal-time PCR, normalized in relation to Nosema tubulin gene expression,and expressed in relation to NC123 expression in Nosema-infected beesfed sucrose only (no treatment), which was given a value of 1. Columntitles from left to right: No treatment, NC006 Treatment (fed dsRNA ofNC006 protein), NC123 Treatment (fed dsRNA of NC123 protein), NC6+Nc123Treatment (fed combined dsRNA of NC006 and dsRNA of Nc123 protein), R.N.Treatment (fed combined dsRNA of NC006 protein, dsRNA of Nc123 protein,dsRNA of Nc014 protein and dsRNA of Nc017 protein) and Day 0(uninfected). Note the significant reduction of transcript number, onlyamong bees fed the dsRNA in which the NC123-specific homologous dsRNAwas present;

FIG. 6 is a histogram illustrating enhanced survival in bees fed dsRNAof N. ceranae mitosomal and non-mitosomal proteins. Mean % of the beesin a minihive surviving at day 14 following Nosema infection isindicated for bees fed Nosema specific dsRNA of N. ceranae mitosomal andnon-mitosomal energy-related protein homologues. Column titles, startingfrom second from the left: No treatment, infected, NC6 (fed dsRNA ofNosema NC006 protein), NC123 Treatment (fed dsRNA of Nosema NC123protein), NC14 (fed dsRNA of Nosema Nc014 protein), NC17 (fed dsRNA ofNosema Nc017 protein), TOM70 (fed dsRNA of Nosema Nc014 protein),REN+TOM70 (fed combined dsRNA of Nosema NC006 protein, dsRNA of Nc123protein, dsRNA of Nc014 protein, dsRNA of Nc017 protein and dsRNA ofTOM70 protein) and REN (fed combined dsRNA of NC006 protein, dsRNA ofNc123 protein, dsRNA of Nc014 protein and dsRNA of Nc017 protein). Notethe significant enhancement of survival with feeding of some, but notall of the Nosema-specific dsRNA (e.g. nc014, nc017 and TOM70), and thesynergic effect of feeding combined nc006, nc123, nc014, nc017 and TOM70dsRNA;

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the enhanced survival in bees fed dsRNA of N.ceranae mitosomal and non-mitosomal proteins, as percent surviving beesfollowing infection, expressed over the entire duration of theexperiment. Legend: No treatment, infected (▪), NC6 (fed dsRNA of NosemaNC006 protein) (▴), NC123 Treatment (fed dsRNA of Nosema NC123 protein)(▪), NC14 (fed dsRNA of Nosema Nc014 protein) (□x), NC17 (fed dsRNA ofNosema Nc017 protein) (●), TOM70 (fed dsRNA of Nosema Nc014 protein) (

) REN+TOM70 (fed combined dsRNA of Nosema NC006 protein, dsRNA of Nc123protein, dsRNA of Nc014 protein, dsRNA of Nc017 protein and dsRNA ofTOM70 protein) (▾) and REN (fed combined dsRNA of NC006 protein, dsRNAof Nc123 protein, dsRNA of Nc014 protein and dsRNA of Nc017 protein)(—). Note the consistently superior survival rate among the bees fedcombined nc006, nc123, nc014, nc017 and TOM70 dsRNA (▾);

FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating enhanced survival of bees fed dsRNA of acombination of N. ceranae mitosomal and non-mitosomal proteins, aspercent surviving bees, following infection, expressed over the entireduration of the experiment. Significantly reduced mortality was observedin minihives of bees fed combined dsRNA of Nosema ceranae Nc014 protein,Nc017 protein and TOM70 protein (TOM70+NC14+NC17, ♦), compared tountreated bees (S.O., ▪);

FIG. 9 is a photomicrograph illustrating the high Nosema spore countcharacteristic of surviving bees fed combined dsRNA of Nosema ceranaeNc014 protein, Nc017 protein and TOM70 protein, 21 days after infection;

FIG. 10 is a photomicrograph illustrating the absence of Nosema sporesin the surviving, untreated control bees fed sucrose only, 21 days afterinfection;

FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating the enhanced survival of bees fed dsRNAof N. ceranae mitosomal and non-mitosomal proteins, as percent survivingbees following infection, expressed over the entire duration of theexperiment. Legend: No treatment, un-infected (Treatment A), Notreatment, infected (Treatment B) and feeding combined dsRNA of NosemaNC006 protein, dsRNA of Nc123 protein, dsRNA of Nc014 protein, dsRNA ofNc017 protein and dsRNA of TOM70 protein (Treatment C). Note theconsistently superior survival rate among the bees fed combined nc006,nc123, nc014, nc017 and TOM70 dsRNA (Treatment C).

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to methodsand compositions for reducing the susceptibility of bees to Nosemainfection and/or reducing the severity of Nosema infections by feedingNosema-specific dsRNA.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, itis to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in itsapplication to the details set forth in the following description orexemplified by the Examples. The invention is capable of otherembodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

While reducing the present invention to practice, the inventors haveshown that ingestion by a bee of compositions containing one or moredsRNA molecules, wherein at least one segment of the dsRNA moleculecorresponds to a substantially identical segment of Nosema mitosomalprotein RNA and/or one or more non-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporterhomologues, will result in reduced incidence and severity of a Nosemainfection, and greatly enhanced survival of the bees and the colonyoverall. These results indicate that a polynucleotide molecule, eitherDNA or RNA, derived from a Nosema mitosomal protein and/or at least oneadditional non-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter protein homologue sequencecan be used to design a nucleic acid agent or nucleic acid constructaccording to the methods of the present invention to produce one or moreRNA sequences that can form into a dsRNA molecule available foringestion by bees when provided by feeding. While reducing to practice,it was shown that bee colonies exposed to Nosema mitosomalprotein-specific dsRNA in their feed endured Nosema infection withgreater survival (see FIGS. 2, 6-8 and 11) and lower incidence offatally infected bees than untreated colonies (see FIGS. 3 and 8-10),and that Nosema mitosomal protein-specific dsRNA provided together withnon-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter protein homologue dsRNA was synergicin its protective effect.

Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention there isprovided a method for reducing the susceptibility of a bee to a Nosemainfection comprising feeding the bee an effective amount of an isolatednucleic acid agent comprising a nucleic acid sequence downregulatingexpression of a Nosema gene product, or a nucleic acid constructcomprising the nucleic acid sequence, thereby reducing thesusceptibility of the bee to the Nosema infection.

As used herein, the term “bee” is defined as any of several winged,hairy-bodied, usually stinging insects of the superfamily Apoidea in theorder Hymenoptera, including both solitary and social species andcharacterized by sucking and chewing mouthparts for gathering nectar andpollen. Exemplary bee species include, but are not limited to Apis,Bombus, Trigona, Osmia and the like. In one embodiment, bees include,but are not limited to bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) and honeybees(Apis mellifera).

As used herein, the term “colony” is defined as a population of dozensto typically several tens of thousand honeybees that cooperate in nestbuilding, food collection, and brood rearing. A colony normally has asingle queen, the remainder of the bees being either “workers” (females)or “drones” (males). The social structure of the colony is maintained bythe queen and workers and depends on an effective system ofcommunication. Division of labor within the worker caste primarilydepends on the age of the bee but varies with the needs of the colony.Reproduction and colony strength depend on the queen, the quantity offood stores, and the size of the worker force. Honeybees can also besubdivided into the categories of “hive bees”, usually for the firstpart of a workers lifetime, during which the “hive bee” performs taskswithin the hive, and “forager bee”, during the latter part of the bee'slifetime, during which the “forager” locates and collects pollen andnectar from outside the hive, and brings the nectar or pollen into thehive for consumption and storage.

As used herein, the term “tolerance” is defined as the ability of a beeor bee colony to resist and/or endure infestation by and/orproliferation of a Nosema pathogen, including, but not limited to,degree of infection, severity of symptoms, infectivity to otherindividuals (contagion), and the like. Tolerance can be assessed, forexample, by monitoring bee longetivity/life-span, infectivity, presenceof symptoms, such as, but not limited to, hunger, vitality, flightrange, etc, presence of pathogenic organisms, or time course of adisease in a population following a challenge with the Nosema pathogen.

As used herein, the term “susceptibility” is defined as the ability of abee or bee colony to become infested or infected by and/or supportproliferation of a Nosema pathogen, including, but not limited to,degree of infection, severity of symptoms, infectivity to otherindividuals (contagion), and the like. Susceptibility can be assessed,for example, by monitoring infectivity, presence of symptoms, such as,but not limited to, hunger, vitality, flight range, etc, presence ofpathogenic organisms, mortality or time course of a disease in anindividual bee or bee population following a challenge with the Nosemapathogen.

As used herein, the term “Nosema” is defined as any organism of a genus(the type of the family Nosematidae) of microsporidian protozoans thatincludes various parasites, particularly those causing disease in beesor bee colonies. Nosema infecting bee include but are not limited to N.ceranae and N. apis. Infection of bees or bee colonies with a Nosemaparasite is commonly known as Nosemosis. It will be appreciated that thegene silencing mechanisms described herein can be effective forcombating microsporidean species infecting hosts other than bees, withexamples including but not limited to, the silk moth, and humans.However, due to the heterogeneity of RNAi and metabolic pathways inmicrosporidia, and in view of the critical role of the individualparasite's endogenous RNAi pathways for effective gene silencing,identification of effective candidate target genes may be required ineach case.

As used herein, the term “mitosome” is defined as a doublemembrane-bound mitochondria-like organelle of Microsporidia highlyreduced from the perspective of both physical size and biochemicalcomplexity. Mitosomal proteins include, but are not limited to proteinand metabolite import proteins (TOM70, T1M22, TOM40, Imp2, mitochondrialHsp70, and ATM1-ABC transporter proteins), proteins involved in ISCassembly and export (frataxin, ferredoxin, ISCU, ISCS, ERV1, andferredoxin NADPH oxido-reductase [FNR]), pyruvate dehydrogenasesubunits, PDHα and -β, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(mtG3PDH) and manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD).

As used herein, the term “ATP/ADP transporter protein” refers to aprotein which function is transfer of ATP and/or ADP through membranes.Microsporidian ATP/ADP transporter proteins homologous to ATP/ADPtransporter proteins from other species have been identified in E.cuniculi and N. ceranae(see above, and FIG. 1). As used herein,“putative” ATP/ADP transporter proteins, “ATP/ADP transporter proteinorthologues” or “ATP/ADP transporter protein homologues” refer toproteins, or putative encoded polypeptides from polynucleotidesequences, having significant amino acid identity or similarity to knownATP/ADP transporter proteins of other species, and/or possessingconsensus sequences common to known ATP/ADP transporter proteins.Examples of Nosema ATP/ADP transporter proteins, or ATP/ADP transporterprotein homologues, are nc123 (SEQ ID NO:19), nc006 (SEQ ID NO:22),nc014 (SEQ ID NO:21) and nc017 (SEQ ID NO:20).

As used herein, the terms “bee disease” or “bee colony disease” aredefined as undesirable changes in the behavior, physiology, morphology,reproductive fitness, economic value, viability, honey production,pollination capability, resistance to infection and/or infestation of abee, a population of bees and/or a bee colony, directly or indirectlyresulting from contact with a Nosema parasite or a Nosema-infected beeor other organism.

A draft of the genome of N. ceranae has been provided in Cornman et al.2009 Plos Pathogen.

While reducing the present invention to practice, the inventors haveshown that providing Nosema mitosomal-specific dsRNA, alone or incombination with dsRNA specific to additional non-mitosomal NosemaATP/ADP transporter protein homologues in the feed of bees exposed toNosema dramatically reduced the incidence and levels of Nosema sequencesdetected in the bees (see FIG. 5). Thus, in some embodiments of thepresent invention, the methods and compositions are useful fordownregulating expression of a Nosema mitosomal or non-mitosomalpolypeptides in a bee.

As used herein, the term “downregulating expression” is defined ascausing, directly or indirectly, reduction in the transcription of adesired gene, reduction in the amount, stability or translatability oftranscription products (e.g. RNA) of said gene, reduction in translationof the polypeptide(s) encoded by the desired gene and/or reduction inthe amount, stability, or alteration of biochemical function of thepolypeptides encoded by the desired gene, so as to reduce the amount orfunction of the gene products. As used herein, “downregulatingexpression” also relates to reduction in amount, stability ortranslatability of Nosema mitosomal or non-mitosomal RNA molecules incells of a bee. Downregulating expression of a Nosema gene RNA can bemonitored, for example, by direct detection of gene transcripts (forexample, by PCR), by detection of polypeptide(s) encoded by the gene orbee Nosema RNA (for example, by Western blot or immunoprecipitation), bydetection of biological activity of polypeptides encode by the gene (forexample, catalytic activity, ligand binding, and the like), or bymonitoring changes in a cell or organism resulting from reduction inexpression of a desired Nosema gene or Nosema RNA (for example, reducedproliferation of a Nosema parasite, reduced virulence of a Nosemaparasite, etc). It will be appreciated that changes in the course,severity, duration, etc. of a Nosema infection can be monitored in someinstances via observation of the host, and/or host colony as well asdirect observation of the parasite. This direct observation can beuseful in instances where nosema virulence in relation to honeybeegenotype is high. As used herein, the downregulation can be transient,for example, for the duration of the presence of a downregulating agent,or permanent, resulting in reduction of Nosema gene expression or RNAfor the lifetime of the organism and/or its future generations.

Downregulation of Nosema mitosomal or non-mitosomal polypetides can beeffected on the genomic and/or the transcript level using a variety ofmolecules which interfere with transcription and/or translation (e.g.,RNA silencing agents, Ribozyme, DNAzyme and antisense). Treatment andprevention of viral infections with dsRNA has been disclosed byWO/2003/004649 to Tenllado et al and PCT patent applicationIL2008/001440 to Paldi et al. Use of dsRNA in insects is disclosed in USPatent Application 2007 0250947, US Patent Application 2006 0272049, PCTApplications WO 2007/080127 and WO 2007/080126, US patent application20030150017, PCT patent application WO 02/14472, US Patent Application20030154508, PCT patent application WO 2004/005485, PCT application WO99/32619 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,193.

Following is a list of agents capable of downregulating expression leveland/or activity of Nosema mitosomal polypeptides.

Downregulation of Nosema mitosomal and non-mitosomal polypeptides can beachieved by RNA silencing. As used herein, the phrase “RNA silencing”refers to a group of regulatory mechanisms [e.g. RNA interference(RNAi), transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), post-transcriptional genesilencing (PTGS), quelling, co-suppression, and translationalrepression] mediated by RNA molecules which result in the inhibition or“silencing” of the expression of a corresponding protein-coding gene orNosema mitosomal RNA sequence. RNA silencing has been observed in manytypes of organisms, including plants, animals, and fungi.

As used herein, the term “RNA silencing agent” refers to an RNA which iscapable of inhibiting or “silencing” the expression of a target gene. Incertain embodiments, the RNA silencing agent is capable of preventingcomplete processing (e.g, the full translation and/or expression) of anmRNA molecule through a post-transcriptional silencing mechanism. RNAsilencing agents include noncoding RNA molecules, for example RNAduplexes comprising paired strands, as well as precursor RNAs from whichsuch small non-coding RNAs can be generated. Exemplary RNA silencingagents include dsRNAs such as siRNAs, miRNAs and shRNAs. In oneembodiment, the RNA silencing agent is capable of inducing RNAinterference. In another embodiment, the RNA silencing agent is capableof mediating translational repression.

RNA interference commonly refers to the process of sequence-specificpost-transcriptional gene silencing in animals mediated by shortinterfering RNAs (siRNAs). The corresponding process in plants iscommonly referred to as post-transcriptional gene silencing or RNAsilencing and is also referred to as quelling in fungi. The process ofpost-transcriptional gene silencing is thought to be anevolutionarily-conserved cellular defense mechanism used to prevent theexpression of foreign genes and is commonly shared by diverse flora andphyla. Such protection from foreign gene expression may have evolved inresponse to the production of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) derived fromviral infection or from the random integration of transposon elementsinto a host genome via a cellular response that specifically destroyshomologous single-stranded RNA or viral genomic RNA.

The presence of long dsRNAs in cells stimulates the activity of aribonuclease III enzyme referred to as dicer. Dicer is involved in theprocessing of the dsRNA into short pieces of dsRNA known as shortinterfering RNAs (siRNAs). Short interfering RNAs derived from diceractivity are typically about 21 to about 23 nucleotides in length andcomprise about 19 base pair duplexes. The RNAi response also features anendonuclease complex, commonly referred to as an RNA-induced silencingcomplex (RISC), which mediates cleavage of single-stranded RNA havingsequence complementary to the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex.Cleavage of the target RNA takes place in the middle of the regioncomplementary to the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex.

Accordingly, the present invention contemplates use of dsRNA todownregulate protein expression from mRNA.

According to one embodiment, the dsRNA is greater than 30 bp. The use oflong dsRNAs can provide numerous advantages in that the cell can selectthe optimal silencing sequence alleviating the need to test numeroussiRNAs; long dsRNAs will allow for silencing libraries to have lesscomplexity than would be necessary for siRNAs.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the dsRNA is greater than 30basepairs, and is selected from the group complementary to a sequence asset forth in SEQ ID NOs: 55-59. In another embodiment of the presentinvention, the dsRNA is greater than 30 base pairs and comprises atleast two sequences complementary to a sequence selected from group asset forth in SEQ ID NOs: 55-59. In yet another embodiment, the dsRNAcomprises the sequence complementary to the sequence as set forth in SEQID NO: 59 and to a sequence as set forth in at least one of SEQ ID NOs:57 and 58. In one embodiment of the present invention, the dsRNAcomprises at least two sequences downregulating expression of a targetNosema gene, wherein the at least two sequences can be contiguous, ornon-contiguous with respect to one another.

Another method of downregulating Nosema mitosomal and/or non-mitosomalproteins is by introduction of small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs).

The term “siRNA” refers to small inhibitory RNA duplexes (generallybetween 18-30 basepairs, between 19 and 25 basepairs) that induce theRNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Typically, siRNAs are chemicallysynthesized as 21mers with a central 19 bp duplex region and symmetric2-base 3′-overhangs on the termini, although it has been recentlydescribed that chemically synthesized RNA duplexes of 25-30 base lengthcan have as much as a 100-fold increase in potency compared with 21mersat the same location. The observed increased potency obtained usinglonger RNAs in triggering RNAi is theorized to result from providingDicer with a substrate (27mer) instead of a product (21mer) and thatthis improves the rate or efficiency of entry of the siRNA duplex intoRISC.

It has been found that position of the 3′-overhang influences potency ofan siRNA and asymmetric duplexes having a 3′-overhang on the antisensestrand are generally more potent than those with the 3′-overhang on thesense strand (Rose et al., 2005). This can be attributed to asymmetricalstrand loading into RISC, as the opposite efficacy patterns are observedwhen targeting the antisense transcript.

The strands of a double-stranded interfering RNA (e.g., an siRNA) may beconnected to form a hairpin or stem-loop structure (e.g., an shRNA).Thus, as mentioned the RNA silencing agent of the present invention mayalso be a short hairpin RNA (shRNA).

The term “shRNA”, as used herein, refers to an RNA agent having astem-loop structure, comprising a first and second region ofcomplementary sequence, the degree of complementarity and orientation ofthe regions being sufficient such that base pairing occurs between theregions, the first and second regions being joined by a loop region, theloop resulting from a lack of base pairing between nucleotides (ornucleotide analogs) within the loop region. The number of nucleotides inthe loop is a number between and including 3 to 23, or 5 to 15, or 7 to13, or 4 to 9, or 9 to 11. Some of the nucleotides in the loop can beinvolved in base-pair interactions with other nucleotides in the loop.Examples of oligonucleotide sequences that can be used to form the loopinclude 5′-UUCAAGAGA-3′ (Brummelkamp, T. R. et al. (2002) Science 296:550) and 5′-UUUGUGUAG-3′ (Castanotto, D. et al. (2002) RNA 8:1454). Itwill be recognized by one of skill in the art that the resulting singlechain oligonucleotide forms a stem-loop or hairpin structure comprisinga double-stranded region capable of interacting with the RNAi machinery.

According to another embodiment the RNA silencing agent may be a miRNA.miRNAs are small RNAs made from genes encoding primary transcripts ofvarious sizes. They have been identified in both animals and plants. Theprimary transcript (termed the “pri-miRNA”) is processed through variousnucleolytic steps to a shorter precursor miRNA, or “pre-miRNA.” Thepre-miRNA is present in a folded form so that the final (mature) miRNAis present in a duplex, the two strands being referred to as the miRNA(the strand that will eventually basepair with the target) The pre-miRNAis a substrate for a form of dicer that removes the miRNA duplex fromthe precursor, after which, similarly to siRNAs, the duplex can be takeninto the RISC complex. It has been demonstrated that miRNAs can betransgenically expressed and be effective through expression of aprecursor form, rather than the entire primary form (Parizotto et al.(2004) Genes & Development 18:2237-2242 and Guo et al. (2005) Plant Cell17:1376-1386).

Unlike, siRNAs, miRNAs bind to transcript sequences with only partialcomplementarity (Zeng et al., 2002, Molec. Cell 9:1327-1333) and represstranslation without affecting steady-state RNA levels (Lee et al., 1993,Cell 75:843-854; Wightman et al., 1993, Cell 75:855-862). Both miRNAsand siRNAs are processed by Dicer and associate with components of theRNA-induced silencing complex (Hutvagner et al., 2001, Science293:834-838; Grishok et al., 2001, Cell 106: 23-34; Ketting et al.,2001, Genes Dev. 15:2654-2659; Williams et al., 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 99:6889-6894; Hammond et al., 2001, Science 293:1146-1150;Mourlatos et al., 2002, Genes Dev. 16:720-728). A report (Hutvagner etal., 2002, Sciencexpress 297:2056-2060) hypothesizes that generegulation through the miRNA pathway versus the siRNA pathway isdetermined solely by the degree of complementarity to the targettranscript. It is speculated that siRNAs with only partial identity tothe mRNA target will function in translational repression, similar to anmiRNA, rather than triggering RNA degradation.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acidagent is capable of causing cleavage and/or degradation of a Nosemamitosomal and/or non-mitosomal target polynucleotide sequence. As usedherein, the phrases “target” or “target polynucleotide sequence” referto any sequence present in a Nosema cell, whether naturally occurringsequence or a heterologous sequence present due to an intracellular orextracellular pathogenic infection or a disease (e.g. Nosemosis), whichNosema mitosomal or non-mitosomal polynucleotide sequence has a functionthat is desired to be reduced or inhibited. The Nosema target sequencemay be a coding sequence, that is, it is translated to express a proteinor a functional fragment thereof. Alternatively, the target sequence maybe non-coding, but may have a regulatory function, or it may be withoutany known function. As described herein, one target polynucleotidesequence is a Nosema mitosomal polynucleotide sequence necessary forproteins involved in energy transfer, such as that of Nosema mitosomalATP transporter homologues or metabolite import proteins, combinationsof the same, alone or in combination with polynucleotide sequencestargeting Nosema non-mitosomal proteins such as non-mitosomal ATP/ADPtransporter homologues. The term “gene” is intended to include anytarget sequence intended to be “silenced”, whether or not transcribedand/or translated, including regulatory sequences, such as promoters,enhancers and other non-coding sequences.

In one embodiment of the present invention, synthesis of RNA silencingagents suitable for use with the present invention can be effected asfollows. First, the Nosema polypeptide mRNA or other target sequence isscanned downstream of the AUG start codon for AA dinucleotide sequences.Occurrence of each AA and the 3′ adjacent 19 nucleotides is recorded aspotential siRNA target sites. Preferably, siRNA target sites areselected from the open reading frame, as untranslated regions (UTRs) arericher in regulatory protein binding sites. UTR-binding proteins and/ortranslation initiation complexes may interfere with binding of the siRNAendonuclease complex [Tuschl Chem Biochem. 2:239-245]. It will beappreciated though, that siRNAs directed at untranslated regions mayalso be effective, as demonstrated for GAPDH wherein siRNA directed atthe 5′ UTR mediated about 90% decrease in cellular GAPDH mRNA andcompletely abolished protein level (see Ambion technical library 91/912at the Ambion website).

Second, potential target sites are compared to an appropriate genomicdatabase (e.g., human, mouse, rat, insect, etc.) using any sequencealignment software, such as the BLAST software available from the NCBIserver of the NIH. Putative target sites which exhibit significanthomology to other coding sequences are filtered out. For example, host(e.g. bee) target sites can be filtered out in this manner.

Qualifying target sequences are selected as template for siRNAsynthesis. Preferred sequences are those including low G/C content asthese have proven to be more effective in mediating gene silencing ascompared to those with G/C content higher than 55%. Several target sitesare preferably selected along the length of the target gene or sequencefor evaluation. For better evaluation of the selected siRNAs, a negativecontrol is preferably used in conjunction. Negative control siRNApreferably include the same nucleotide composition as the siRNAs butlack significant homology to the genome. Thus, a scrambled nucleotidesequence of the siRNA is preferably used, provided it does not displayany significant homology to host gene sequences, or non-relevant Nosematarget sequences.

For example, a suitable Nosema siRNA can be an Nosema specific siRNAcorresponding to Nosema ceranae sequences SEQ ID NOs: 27, 47 and 46.Additional suitable Nosema siRNAs can be designed according to sequencesfrom any Nosema, for example, including, but not limited to Nosema apis,Nosema bombi, Nosema bombycis, Nosema antheraeae, E. cuniculi and thelike. According to one specific embodiment, the Nosema mitosomal targetsequences are ADP/ATP transporter homologue 123 and/or the mitosomalmetabolite transport protein TOM 70, and any or all of the non-mitosomalADP/ATP transporter homologues, Nc 006, Nc 014 and Nc 017. Primersequences for producing nucleic acid agents for silencing these genesare detailed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Nosema-specific dsRNA sequences for silencingATP/ADP transporter homologues and TOM70 andthe primer sequences used to make them Primer name ADP/ATP  TRANSPORTERPROTEIN  Sequence HOMOLOGUE (SEQ ID NO) NA7001 T7 CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGA Nc006 F CAGCTAACGAGCCCGTTTC (SEQ ID NO: 1)NA7002 T7  CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAC Nc006 R CATAGTAATCCATCCACTAC(SEQ ID NO: 2) NA7003 T7  CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGA Nc123 FCTGGTCTTTAACGAATGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 3) NA7004 T7  CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGANc123 R GTGGGCACGCTATGGCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 4) NA7005 T7 CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGA Nc014 F CTCCTGGACAGTCCGCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 5)NA7006 T7  CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGA Nc014 R ATCAGTTGACGGTAAACGG(SEQ ID NO: 6) NA7007 T7  CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGA Nc017 FGCTTGATGGGCTTATCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 7) NA7008 T7  CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGANc017 R GCAATGCGATTTCCACGG (SEQ ID NO: 8) TOM-70  PROTEIN NT7009 T7  CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACT TOM70 F GAATGTTACAAGCAGATGGG (SEQ ID NO: 9)NT7015  CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAACC TOM70 R AGGAGTATCTGGATGAC(SEQ ID NO: 10) *Note: The Nosema specific sequences are in plain font.

Additional suitable Nosema siRNAs can be designed according to sequencesfrom any Nosema sequence, for example, the sequences detailed herein,including, but not limited to TOM70 (for example, SEQ ID NOs:60-11687),TIM22, TOM40 (for example, SEQ ID NOs: 11688-19103), Imp2, mitochondrialHsp70 (for example, SEQ ID NOs: 19104-34511), ATM1-ABC transporterproteins (for example, SEQ ID NOs: 34512-80411), Frataxin, Ferredoxin,ERV1 (for example, SEQ ID NOs: 80412-84803), ferredoxin, NADPHoxido-reductase [FNR] (for example, SEQ ID NOs:84804-94911,94912-108140), pyruvate dehydrogenase α subunit (for example, SEQ IDNOs: 108141-116852), pyruvate dehydrogenase β subunit (for example, SEQID NOs: 116853-125294), mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(mtG3PDH) (for example, SEQ ID NOs: 125295-140999), manganese-containingsuperoxide dismutase (MnSOD) (for example, SEQ ID NOs: 141000-146687),DNAJ (Hsp70 interacting) (for example, SEQ ID NOs: 146688-157505), IronSulfur cluster ISU1, Cystein desulfurase Nsf1 (for example, SEQ ID NOs:157506-169079), NAR1 (for example, SEQ ID NOs:169080-178790), RLI1 (forexample, SEQ ID NOs:178791-195062), NC006 (for example, SEQ ID NOs:195063-209633, NC123 (for example, SEQ ID NOs: 209634-224609), NC014(for example, SEQ ID NOs: 224610-239747) and NC017 (for example, SEQ IDNOs:239748-252698) (see Table 2, below).

TABLE 2 Nosema Proteins suitable for targeting with dsRNAEncephalitozoon Nosema GenBank GenBank Nosema GenBank (DNA)/ (protein)(protein) coordinates SEQ ID NO: TOM70 EEQ82075.1 ACOL01000120/8001-9314SEQ ID NO: 27 TIM22 CAD25556.1 — TOM40 CAD25408.1 EEQ82411.1ACOL01000061/14217-15062 SEQ ID NO: 28 Imp2 mitochondrial NP_586360EEQ81757 ACOL01000228.1/4051-5784 SEQ ID NO: 29 Hsp70 ATM1-ABC CAD26030EEQ82581.1 ACOL01000042/1310-3019 SEQ ID NO: 30 transporter EEQ82586.1ACOL01000042/8786-10507 SEQ ID NO: 31 proteins EEQ82587.1ACOL01000042/10905-12638 SEQ ID NO: 32 Frataxin XP_965969 — FerredoxinNP_585988.1| — ERV1 CAD25469 EEQ82883 ACOL01000016/5063-5572 SEQ ID NO:33 ferredoxin CAD27143 EEQ81930 ACOL01000159/6191-7324 SEQ ID NO: 34NADPH EEQ83026 ACOL01000006/2688-4190 SEQ ID NO: 35 oxido- reductase[FNR] pyruvate CAD27078 EEQ82465 ACOL01000055/12839-13828 SEQ ID NO: 36dehydrogenase CAD25304 EEQ81634 ACOL01000316/888-1847 SEQ ID NO: 37subunits, PDHα and -β mitochondrial CAD25806 EEQ82606ACOL01000039/538-2304 SEQ ID NO: 38 glycerol-3- phosphate dehydrogenase(mtG3PDH) manganese- CAD26018 EEQ82623 ACOL01000038/17225-17878 SEQ IDNO: 39 containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) DNAJ (Hsp70 Q8SRK0EEQ82425 ACOL01000059/6412-7635 SEQ ID NO: 40 interacting) Iron SulfurQ8SSM2 — cluster ISU1 Cystein Q8SQS2 EEQ82825 ACOL01000020/5924-7231 SEQID NO: 41 desulfurase Nsf1 Critical Fe/S cytosolic proteins NAR1NP_597440.1 EEQ82578 ACOL01000043/12613-13713 SEQ ID NO: 42 RLI1EEQ83099 ACOL01000003/27828-29657 SEQ ID NO: 43 ATP/ADP Transporterhomologues Nc006 EEQ83030.1 ACOL01000006/9068-10708 SEQ ID NO: 44 Nc123EEQ82057.1 ACOL01000123/4795-6480 SEQ ID NO: 45 Nc014 EEQ82913.1ACOL01000014/4714-6417 SEQ ID NO: 46 Nc017 EEQ82872.1ACOL01000017/9811-11271 SEQ ID NO: 47

It will be appreciated that the dsRNA sequences target RNA transcriptscomplementary to DNA sequences of the targeted gene which are expressedin the parasite (transcribed into RNA), and that the actualcomplementation taking place in the RNAi pathways occurs followingreduction of the dsRNA to smaller fragments by the RNAi enzymes.

Multiple Nosema sequences can be designed to include sequences suitablefor producing siRNAs effective against more than one Nosema species.Such multiple Nosema dsRNA can be of the long or short variety, and mayalso be combined with sequences corresponding to diverse classes ofpathogens (e.g. viral and/or bacterial and/or fungal sequences, etc).Further, multiple sequences can be designed to include two or more dsRNAsequences of the same Nosema parasite.

It will be appreciated that the RNA silencing agent of the presentinvention need not be limited to those molecules containing only RNA,but further encompasses chemically-modified nucleotides andnon-nucleotides.

In some embodiments, the RNA silencing agent provided herein can befunctionally associated with a cell-penetrating peptide. As used herein,a “cell-penetrating peptide” is a peptide that comprises a short (about12-30 residues) amino acid sequence or functional motif that confers theenergy-independent (i.e., non-endocytotic) translocation propertiesassociated with transport of the membrane-permeable complex across theplasma and/or nuclear membranes of a cell. The cell-penetrating peptideused in the membrane-permeable complex of the present inventionpreferably comprises at least one non-functional cysteine residue, whichis either free or derivatized to form a disulfide link with adouble-stranded ribonucleic acid that has been modified for suchlinkage. Representative amino acid motifs conferring such properties arelisted in U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,185, the contents of which are expresslyincorporated herein by reference. The cell-penetrating peptides of thepresent invention preferably include, but are not limited to,penetratin, transportan, pIs1, TAT (48-60), pVEC, MTS, and MAP.

Another agent capable of downregulating a Nosema polypeptide is aDNAzyme molecule capable of specifically cleaving an mRNA transcript orDNA sequence of the Nosema polypeptide. DNAzymes are single-strandedpolynucleotides which are capable of cleaving both single and doublestranded target sequences (Breaker, R. R. and Joyce, G. Chemistry andBiology 1995; 2:655; Santoro, S. W. & Joyce, G. F. Proc. Natl, Acad.Sci. USA 1997; 943:4262) A general model (the “10-23” model) for theDNAzyme has been proposed. “10-23” DNAzymes have a catalytic domain of15 deoxyribonucleotides, flanked by two substrate-recognition domains ofseven to nine deoxyribonucleotides each. This type of DNAzyme caneffectively cleave its substrate RNA at purine:pyrimidine junctions(Santoro, S. W. & Joyce, G. F. Proc. Natl, Acad. Sci. USA 199; for revof DNAzymes see Khachigian, L M [Curr Opin Mol Ther 4:119-21 (2002)].

Examples of construction and amplification of synthetic, engineeredDNAzymes recognizing single and double-stranded target cleavage siteshave been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,174 to Joyce et al.

Downregulation of Nosema polypeptides or cleavage of Nosema RNA can alsobe effected by using an antisense polynucleotide capable of specificallyhybridizing with an mRNA transcript encoding the Nosema polypeptide or aNosema RNA target sequence.

Design of antisense molecules which can be used to efficientlydownregulate a Nosema polypeptide must be effected while considering twoaspects important to the antisense approach. The first aspect isdelivery of the oligonucleotide into the cytoplasm of the appropriatecells, while the second aspect is design of an oligonucleotide whichspecifically binds the designated mRNA or RNA target sequence withincells in a way which inhibits translation thereof.

A number of delivery strategies which can be used to efficiently deliveroligonucleotides into a wide variety of cell types have been disclosed[see, for example, Luft J Mol Med 76: 75-6 (1998); Kronenwett et al.Blood 91: 852-62 (1998); Rajur et al. Bioconjug Chem 8: 935-40 (1997);Lavigne et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 237: 566-71 (1997) and Aoki etal. (1997) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 231: 540-5 (1997)]. Severalapproaches for designing and predicting efficiency of specificoligonucleotides using an in vitro system were also published (Matveevaet al., Nature Biotechnology 16: 1374-1375 (1998)].

For example, a suitable antisense oligonucleotide targeted against theNosema mRNA would be of the sequences complementary to sequences as setforth in SEQ ID NOs: 27, 46 and 47.

Thus, the current consensus is that recent developments in the field ofantisense technology which, as described above, have led to thegeneration of highly accurate antisense design algorithms and a widevariety of oligonucleotide delivery systems, enable an ordinarilyskilled artisan to design and implement antisense approaches suitablefor downregulating expression of known sequences without having toresort to undue trial and error experimentation.

Another agent capable of downregulating a Nosema polypeptide is aribozyme molecule capable of specifically cleaving an mRNA transcriptencoding a Nosema polypeptide. Ribozymes are being increasingly used forthe sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression by the cleavage ofmRNAs encoding proteins of interest [Welch et al., Curr Opin Biotechnol.9:486-96 (1998)]. Ribozymes have been identified in insects (Webb et al,Science 2009; 326:953), and used effectively for gene silencing ininsects (Lee et al, FASEB J 2001; 15:2390-400).

An additional method of regulating the expression of a Nosemapolypeptide gene in cells is via triplex forming oligonucleotides(TFOs). Recent studies have shown that TFOs can be designed which canrecognize and bind to polypurine/polypirimidine regions indouble-stranded helical DNA in a sequence-specific manner. Theserecognition rules are outlined by Maher III, L. J., et al., Science,1989; 245:725-730; Moser, H. E., et al., Science, 1987; 238:645-630;Beal, P. A., et al, Science, 1992; 251:1360-1363; Cooney, M., et al.,Science, 1988; 241:456-459; and Hogan, M. E., et al., EP Publication375408. Detailed description of the design, synthesis and administrationof effective TFOs can be found in U.S. Patent Application Nos. 2003017068 and 2003 0096980 to Froehler et al, and 2002 0128218 and 20020123476 to Emanuele et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,138 to Lawn.

The RNA, dsRNA, siRNA, or miRNA of the present invention may be producedchemically or enzymatically through manual or automated reactions or invivo in an organism. RNA may also be produced by partial or totalorganic synthesis. Any modified ribonucleotide can be introduced by invitro enzymatic or organic synthesis. The RNA may be synthesized by acellular RNA polymerase or a bacteriophage RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7,SP6). If synthesized chemically or by in vitro enzymatic synthesis, theRNA may be purified prior to feeding or formulated in an acceptablecarrier and provided as a liquid, solid or semi-solid to the bees. Forexample, RNA can be purified from a mixture by extraction with a solventor resin, precipitation, electrophoresis, chromatography, or acombination thereof. Alternatively, the RNA may be used with no, or aminimum of, purification to avoid losses due to sample processing. TheRNA may be dried for storage or dissolved in an aqueous solution. Thesolution may contain buffers or salts to promote annealing, and/orstabilization of the duplex strands.

It will be appreciated that mechanisms other than dsRNA for targetingthe Nosema ATP/ADP transporter homologues, or other mitosomal andnon-mitosomal proteins can effectively block gene expression in theparasite, and therefore potentially reduce Nosema levels, severity ofsymptoms and contagiousness in the host bees. Any molecules capable oftraversing the membrane of bee mucosal epithelial cells and able todisrupt Nosema mitosomal (such as a mitosomal ATP/ADP homologue or TOM)or non-mitosomal (such as a non-mitosomal ATP/ADP homologue) expressionor activity, could potentially enter the Nosema parasite in theintracellular stage, and reduce infection levels and severity ofsymptoms in infected host bees. Examples of such drugs are smallmolecules, peptides, enzymes that interact with the ATP-ADP transporterssuch as kinase or phosphatase enzymes.

For transcription from a transgene in vivo or from an expressioncassette, a regulatory region (e.g., promoter, enhancer, silencer,leader, intron and polyadenylation) may be used to modulate thetranscription of the RNA strand (or strands). Therefore, in oneembodiment, there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising thenucleic acid agent. The nucleic acid construct can have polynucleotidesequences constructed to facilitate transcription of the RNA moleculesof the present invention are operably linked to one or more promotersequences functional in a host cell. The polynucleotide sequences may beplaced under the control of an endogenous promoter normally present inthe host genome. The polynucleotide sequences of the present invention,under the control of an operably linked promoter sequence, may furtherbe flanked by additional sequences that advantageously affect itstranscription and/or the stability of a resulting transcript. Suchsequences are generally located upstream of the promoter and/ordownstream of the 3′ end of the expression construct. The term “operablylinked”, as used in reference to a regulatory sequence and a structuralnucleotide sequence, means that the regulatory sequence causes regulatedexpression of the linked structural nucleotide sequence. “Regulatorysequences” or “control elements” refer to nucleotide sequences locatedupstream, within, or downstream of a structural nucleotide sequence, andwhich influence the timing and level or amount of transcription, RNAprocessing or stability, or translation of the associated structuralnucleotide sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters,translation leader sequences, introns, enhancers, stem-loop structures,repressor binding sequences, termination sequences, pausing sequences,polyadenylation recognition sequences, and the like.

The nucleic acid agent can be delivered to the bees in a great varietyof ways. As detailed herein, bee feeding is common practice amongstbee-keepers, for providing both nutritional and other, for example,supplemental needs. Bees typically feed on honey and pollen, but havebeen known to ingest non-natural feeds as well. Bees can be fed variousfoodstuffs including, but not limited to Wheast (a dairy yeast grown oncottage cheese), soybean flour, yeast (e.g. brewer's yeast, torulayeast) and yeast products products-fed singly or in combination andsoybean flour fed as a dry mix or moist cake inside the hive or as a drymix in open feeders outside the hive. Also useful is sugar, or a sugarsyrup. The addition of 10 to 12 percent pollen to a supplement fed tobees improves palatability. The addition of 25 to 30 percent pollenimproves the quality and quantity of essential nutrients that arerequired by bees for vital activity.

Cane or beet sugar, isomerized corn syrup, and type-50 sugar syrup aresatisfactory substitutes for honey in the natural diet of honey bees.The last two can be supplied only as a liquid to bees.

Liquid feed can be supplied to bees inside the hive by, for example, anyof the following methods: friction-top pail, combs within the broodchamber, division board feeder, boardman feeder, etc. Dry sugar may befed by placing a pound or two on the inverted inner cover. A supply ofwater must be available to bees at all times. In one embodiment, pan ortrays in which floating supports-such as wood chips, cork, or plasticsponge—are present are envisaged. Detailed descriptions of supplementalfeeds for bees can be found in, for example, USDA publication byStandifer, et al 1977, entitled “Supplemental Feeding of Honey BeeColonies” (USDA, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 413).

It will be appreciated that the dosing and treatment regimen ofNosema-specific nucleic acid agent can be optimized by the individualuser according to host sub-species, weather conditions, stage in thelife cycle of the host and/or parasite, host environmental conditions,etc. For example, the nucleic acid agent can be provided to the beesconstantly, throughout the hives' lifetime, or according to apredetermined schedule of feeding.

All the bees in a hive are potentially susceptible to the Nosemainfections detailed herein. Thus, according to some embodiments, thebees can be forager bees, hive bees and the like.

Also provided is a method for reducing the susceptibility of a bee to adisease caused by Nosema, the method effected by feeding the bee on aneffective amount of a nucleic acid or nucleic acid construct comprisinga nucleic acid agent downregulating expression of a Nosema mitosomaland/or non-mitosomal polypeptide and/or causing cleavage and/ordegradation of a Nosema mitosomal or non-mitosomal RNA. Methods forreducing the susceptibility of a bee colony or bee-hive to Nosemainfection or epidemic by feeding oligonucleotides and/or polynucleotidesare envisaged. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention can beused to benefit any numbers of bees, from a few in the hive, to theentire bee population within a hive and its surrounding area. It will beappreciated, that in addition to feeding of oligonucleotides and/orpolynucleotides for reduction of the Nosema infection and infestation,enforcement of proper sanitation (for example, refraining from reuse ofinfested hives) can augment the effectiveness of treatment andprevention of infections.

It is expected that during the life of a patent maturing from thisapplication many relevant methods for downregulating Nosema proteinswill be developed and the scope of the term “downregulating Nosemaprotein” or “downregulating Nosema polypeptide” is intended to includeall such new technologies a priori.

As used herein the term “about” refers to ±10%.

The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having”and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”. This termencompasses the terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”.

The phrase “consisting essentially of” means that the composition ormethod may include additional ingredients and/or steps, but only if theadditional ingredients and/or steps do not materially alter the basicand novel characteristics of the claimed composition or method.

As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include pluralreferences unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example,the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a pluralityof compounds, including mixtures thereof.

Throughout this application, various embodiments of this invention maybe presented in a range format. It should be understood that thedescription in range format is merely for convenience and brevity andshould not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of theinvention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be consideredto have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well asindividual numerical values within that range. For example, descriptionof a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specificallydisclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numberswithin that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This appliesregardless of the breadth of the range.

Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to includeany cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range.The phrases “ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and asecond indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number“to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and aremeant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all thefractional and integral numerals therebetween.

As used herein the term “method” refers to manners, means, techniquesand procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limitedto, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, orreadily developed from known manners, means, techniques and proceduresby practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological,biochemical and medical arts.

As used herein, the term “treating” includes abrogating, substantiallyinhibiting, slowing or reversing the progression of a condition,substantially ameliorating clinical or aesthetical symptoms of acondition or substantially preventing the appearance of clinical oraesthetical symptoms of a condition.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, forclarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in thecontext of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or inany suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other describedembodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the contextof various embodiments are not to be considered essential features ofthose embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without thoseelements.

Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineatedhereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimentalsupport in the following examples.

EXAMPLES

Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with theabove descriptions illustrate some embodiments of the invention in a nonlimiting fashion.

Materials and Methods Plastic Box Protocol

Experimental Regimen

Bees were introduced into boxes (30-35 bees to each box) at study day 0,and placed in a room kept at a constant temperature of 25° C., 70%relative humidity and 12 hour light/dark cycle.

Nurse bees were collected from the entrance of a honeybee colony thatwas previously checked and no N. ceranae detected in the older foragerbees. The bees were placed for several minutes in the cold to reduceactivity. Subsequently, 30-35 bees were transferred into each box. Thebees were observed during the first 2 days to determine stability in theboxes (i.e. no visible changes in the population). At study day 3 dailyfeeding of the treatment groups was initiated. The indicated amounts ofall treatment components were added to the 66% sugar solution. All boxeswere then monitored for bees' survival for up to an additional 21 days.

The boxes were then allocated randomly and equally to each treatmentgroup.

Bees in the boxes were fed a sucrose syrup via a capillary tube sealedat its top end, thus avoiding drippage and enabling supply of feed upondemand. One feeding capillary tube was placed in each box.

Acclimation and Inclusion Criteria

The feeding capillaries were filled with 1.5 milliliters of 66% sucrosesolution (w/v) and placed into the boxes (one in each box). The beeswere then left for a 2 day acclimation period. During the acclimationperiod—any dead bees from the initial collection process were replacedwith newly captured bees. At the end of the 2 days, only boxes in whichthe honeybees consumed the sucrose solution were included in the trial.

Treatment Groups

Untreated Infected (Control): Fed 66% w/v sucrose solution then infectedwith U.S. Nosema Ceranae (>100,000 per bee), on study day 5. The beeswere subsequently fed 50 microliter per bee 66% sucrose solution foranother 12-14 days.

Treatment group (all four ATP/ADP transporter dsRNA sequences): Fedregular 66% w/v sucrose solution then infected with U.S. Nosema ceranae(>100,000 per bee), either 10 days or 3 days after acclimation. The beeswere subsequently fed 50 microliter per bee 66% sucrose solution foranother 12-14 days, containing 20 ug/ml of each of 4 Nosema ATP/ADPtransporter sequence dsRNA (complementary to sequences as set forth inSEQ ID NOs. 56-59,

Evaluation Methods

Visual Inspection—Survival Rate at the End of the Experiment

Following administration of treatment solutions to bees' boxes at studyday 3, each day the bees in each box are visually inspected and thenumber of dead bees counted in each box.

Hunger Levels—Proboscis Extension Response

Bees infected with Nosema show increased hunger level that is typifiedby increased responsiveness to sugar. Specifically, bees infected withNosema show a lower threshold level of responsiveness to sugar in aProboscis Extension Reflex assay.

At the end of the feeding regimen in the boxes or mini-hives, bees wereplaced for 5 minutes in a freezer, captured individually andindividually placed in a glass vial and chilled on ice until immobile.Then they were strapped within a 4.5 cm long plastic drinking straw witha small strip of tape on the thorax. Testing begins 45 minutes after thelast bee is strapped to allow the bees to get acclimated and 24 bees aretested at a time. The antennae of a strapped bee was touched with adroplet of sucrose and proboscis extension response [response is fullextension of the proboscis—a Proboscis Extension Response (PER)]—isrecorded. Each bee is assayed for PER with a concentration series of0.1%, 0.3%, 1%, 3%, 10%, and 30% sucrose solution by weight. In betweenevery two successive concentrations, the antennae are touched with waterto control for possible sensitization from repeated stimulation.

Nosema Spore Counts

Each day, all the dead bees were removed from each box, pooled accordingto treatment and total nosema spore counts were performed with 100microliter water per crushed bee. Nosema counts were performedessentially as described previously by Cantwell et al: Briefly, beeabdomens were ground with a glass pestle, vigorously mixed with 1.5-2.0ml water, and sampled (10 μl) into a hemacytometer for counting. Totalnumber of Nosema under the microscope were counted for 16 small squares(or one large square). The average Nosema spore count per bee wascalculated as follows:(total number of spores counted)(4,000,000)/number of squarescounted=number of spores per bee.dsRNA Preparation:

Nosema sequences corresponding to mitosomal and non-mitosomal proteinsassociated with energy metabolism and ATP/ADP transport (SEQ ID NOs: 27,44, 45, 46 and 47) were cloned into a plasmid between two opposing T7promoters. Following propagation of plasmid DNA, the viral fragments,including the T7 promoters, were excised, gel-purified, and served astemplates for T7-directed in-vitro transcription.

Real Time PCR

Preparation of Samples:

Only live bees were collected, to a 15 ml collection tube. The tubeswere frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen and transferred to −70 c.Standard curves were generated for each reaction, specific curves foreach gene. The standard curves were based on known concentration ofplasmids suspensions, cloned with the fragments amplified by each testedgene specific primers. The standard curves allow the calculation of therelative arbitrary number of mRNA copies from each tested gene.

The relative expression levels for each gene were calculated as thenumber of arbitrary copies of the tested gene in each sample divided bythe arbitrary mRNA arbitrary copy number of a Nosema ceranaehousekeeping gene (e.g. tubulin or actin). Mean and standard errorvalues were calculated for each sample and sets of repeats, according tothe experimental design.

Values of each treatment were featured as the relative expression fromthe control treatment at study day 0, and are given the 100% expressionlevel. Mean and standard error values were calculated for each sampleand sets of repeats, according to the experiment design, and standardstatistics analysis. The desired fragments were reverse transcribed andamplified from RNA isolates of Nosema-infected bees. The pLUG plasmidswere generated using the pLUG(R)-Multi TA cloning vector kit from iNTRONBiotechnology (Gyeonggi-do, Korea), according to the manufacturer'sprotocol. The RT amplified fragments were ligated into the plasmids andthe ligated plasmids transformed into Top10 E. coli competent cells,using heat shock transformation. The Top10 competent cells wereincubated on LB agar plates containing 200 ug/ml Ampicillin andblue/white selection reagent. Colonies that grew and were positive weretested for presence of the insert using PCR amplification with theforward primer from the desired insert and the reverse primer from thepLUG plasmid. Positive colonies were grown in LB medium supplementedwith 200 ug\ml ampicillin. The pLUG plasmids were purified from the top10 E. Coli cells, using the IBI High speed plasmid mini kit (IBIScientific, IOWA, USA), according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Real-Time PCR Protocol

-   -   1. RNA extraction from at least 3 stomachs of bees using peqGOLD        Trifast, (Peqlab, Delaware, USA)    -   2. 8 ul of the RNA sample was removed and diluted to a total        volume of 10 ul, for DNAse I treatment, 30 min in 37° C.        (remainder stored at −70° c. for future use).    -   3. 2 μl of the DNAse-treated RNA was diluted to 1:5 and used as        template for the RT PCR reaction.    -   4. AB HIGH CAPACITY cDNA RT KIT 200RXN+2×RNAse INHIBITOR        (Applied Biosystems, California, USA, cat: 4374966) was used.        -   The cDNA was diluted 1:5 to a final volume of 100 ml using            Nuclease Free ddH2O and stored until use at −20° C.    -   5. During the qPCR reaction AB POWER SYBR GREEN PCR MIX 5 ML        (Applied Biosystems, California, USA cat: 4367659) was used        according to the following protocol:

x1 Component Final Conc. Volume (μl) Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix(2X) 1x 7.5 Forward Primer (10 uM) 500 nm 0.5 Reverse Primer (10 uM) 500nm 0.5 Template 1-100 ng 2 Water 4.5 Total 15

Primers

Sequence NAME  Target Orientation (SEQ ID NO) B90111 Honeybee  ForwardAGGAATGGAAGCT Actin TGCGGTA (SEQ ID NO: 11) B90121 Honeybee  ReverseAATTTTCATGGT Actin GGATGGTGC (SEQ ID NO: 12) Ntub7025 Nosema C.  ForwardAGAACCAGGAA Tubulin CGATGGAGA (SEQ ID NO: 13) Ntub7026 Nosema C. Reverse TCCTTGCAAACAAT Tubulin CTGCAC (SEQ ID NO: 14) NA70011 Nc006 FForward CACCTGAAAACAACT TACCTAC (SEQ ID NO: 15) NA70021 Nc006 R ReverseGTATCTTGCCTTAC CATCAC (SEQ ID NO: 16) NA70031a Nc123 F ForwardGGaAAAGAtGAGAA TATGGAAGAAG (SEQ ID NO: 17) NA70041b Nc123 R ReverseCCAGTTACCCTTGT TTGTGTAGG (SEQ ID NO: 18)

All reactions were carried out according to a thermal protocolconsisting of 5 min at 95° C., then 40 cycles of the four-step protocolconsisting of 94° C. 20 seconds, 60° C. 30 seconds, 72° C. 1 minute and78° C. 20 seconds. Fluorescence was monitored repeatedly during the 78°C. step, in order to reduce fluorescence from primer artifacts.

Mini-Hive Experiments

Bees were introduced into minihives (˜300 bees to each hive) at studyday 0. Nurse bees were collected from within a honeybee colony that waspreviously checked and found to have no N. ceranae. The bees weretransferred into every mini-hive containing a queen in a cage,approximately 300 bees in each mini-hive, 5 grams protein patty, and 5grams candy.

The bees were observed during the first 2 days to determine stability inthe minihives (i.e. no drastic changes in the population). At study day3 daily feeding of sucrose syrup were initiated according to thetreatment groups.

-   -   1. Untreated Infected: The bees were fed 15 ml per hive (50 μl        per bee) per day 66% sucrose solution.    -   2. Treatment Group Bees were fed with 15 ml per hive (50 μl per        bee) per day 66% sucrose solution supplemented with Nosema        mitosomal and/or non-mitosomal dsRNA.

All mini-hives were monitored until egg laying by the queen isinitiated. Only hives that accepted the new queen, take in the syruptreatments and have the queen initiate egg laying are included in thetrial.

The mini-hive boxes are placed in a room kept at a constant temperatureof 30° C., and in constant darkeness. The sucrose syrup with or withouttreatment is fed via a petri dish placed at the bottom of the mini-hive.

Following administration of treatment solutions to bees minihives atstudy day 3, each day the bees in each box were visually inspected toensure the stability of the system. In all mini-hives, the queens layedeggs as required for inclusion criteria. At day 10, when the bees wereinfected with Nosema ceranae (approximately 100,000 spores per bee),once daily photographs were taken to record bee survival on both sidesof each comb. The number of bees in each mini-hive was calculated bycounting the bees on the screen from both sides of the single comb inthe mini-hive.

Differential Effect of ATP/ADP Transporter dsRNA Sequences on GeneReal-Time PCR Transcript Levels

Nurse bees were collected from a hive found to be without N. ceranae.Set up as described above.

Five treatment groups were defined, three hives of 30 bees pergroup—total 90 bees per group. Total of 15 minihives were included.Allocation to treatment groups was assigned arbitrarily on day 0. Dailyfeeding of 50 micoliters per bee 66% w/v sucrose solution with 1microgram per bee each dsRNA of ATP/ADP transporters. Infection withNosema was initiated on day 3. The five treatment groups were:

1. Control, Untreated, infected

2. Infected+NC006 dsRNA (complementary to SEQ ID NO: 56) only

3. Infected+NC123 dsRNA (complementary to SEQ ID NO: 57) only

4. Infected+NC006 dsRNA+NC123 dsRNA (complementary to SEQ ID NO: 56 andcomplementary to SEQ ID NO: 57)

5. Infected+dsRNA of each of all four ATP/ADP N.C. transporters(complementary to each of SEQ ID NOs: 56-59).

The plastic boxes were placed in a room kept at a constant temperatureof 25° C., 70% RH and 12 hour light/dark cycle. Feeding was as describedfor the Bee Box protocol above.

Live bees were collected at day 0 and at day 13 after infection. Fromeach box, bees were pooled into groups of 3 bees (3×3 pools per hive,total 9 samples from each treatment), and RNA was extracted separatelyfor each group, as described above.

Example 1: Nosema ceranae Genome Homologues to ATP/ADP TransporterProteins Found in Encephalitozoon cuniculi

The N. ceranae genome has been published. FIG. 1 shows a sequencealignment between the mitosomal and non-mitosomal ATP transporterproteins found in Encephalitozoon cuniculi and four homologuesidentified in N. ceranae.

Example 2: dsRNA Targeting Nosema Mitosomal and Non-Mitosomal ATP/ADPTransporter Homologues Reduces Nosema Spore Counts and MortalityFollowing Infection

Since Nosema rarely reduces nurse bee lifespan in box experiments due tothe feeding of the bees ad-libitum (not shown), indicators for reducedlifespan are best achieved in a hive setting. In our box experiments, nodifference was observed in forager lifespan within the time span of theexperiment. When bee lifespan was evaluated in the more naturalmini-hive setting (FIG. 2), it was clearly evident that bees inuntreated hives succumb earlier to Nosema infection in relation to beesfrom hives fed with dsRNA targeting 4 Nosema mitosomal and non-mitosomalATP/ADP transporter homologues (NC123, NC006, NC014 and NC017).

In order to determine the effectiveness of feeding dsRNA in preventionof Nosema, parasite levels in dead bees from Nosema infected sampleswere determined. In all box and mini-hive experiments from 7 days postinfection to 15 days post infection (bees in which no parasites weredetected under the microscope were excluded), counting parasite levelsclearly showed that the bees fed with dsRNA from the 4 Nosema ceranaeATP/ADP transporter homologues have an over three-fold lower countcompared with untreated controls (FIG. 3) (N=75 samples p<0.0001).

Example 3: dsRNA Targeting Nosema Mitosomal and Non-Mitosomal ATP/ADPTransporter Homologues Reduces Hunger (Proboscis Extension Response) inBees Infected with Nosema Cerana

In order to determine whether feeding N. ceranae mitosomal andnon-mitosomal ATP/ADP-specific dsRNA reduces energetic stress in beesfollowing N. ceranae infection, Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER), anindicator of hunger, was tested in treated and control bees.

Metabolic stress following N. ceranae infection in bees manifests inincreased responsiveness to very low concentrations of sucrose, with thePER at low (<1%) sucrose being measurably increased in the infectedbees. FIG. 4 shows that feeding N. ceranae mitosomal and non-mitosomalATP/ADP-specific dsRNA increases the responsiveness threshold of thetreated bees, compared to that of untreated bees. Although at higher(10-30%) sucrose concentration and at medium concentration of sucrose(1-3%) the discernible difference was not statistically significant, atthe lower concentrations (0.1-0.3%), the difference in response wassignificant (p<0.03 N responses=330), indicating reduced metabolicstress (e.g. hunger) in the bees fed with the N. ceranae mitosomal andnon-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter orthologue-specific dsRNA. While notwishing to be limited to a single hypothesis, one explanation would bethat silencing the N. ceranae mitosomal and non-mitosomal ATP/ADPtransport homologues has a direct effect on energy drain caused by theN. ceranae infection (total responses=1000).

Further, when Nosema counts were performed on the treated and controlbees participating in the bioassay (PER), no significant difference inthe levels of parasite infestation in bees from the different groups wasdiscernible (results not shown). While not wishing to be limited to asingle hypothesis, one explanation of this would be that treatment ofthe bees with the Nosema-specific dsRNA not only acts to eliminate theparasite infestation, but weakens the virulence and/or metabolic load ofthe parasite infection, enhancing survival among even infected bees.This is further borne out by the observation that in the minihiveexperiments, untreated controls the bee population was found to declineby more than a third following infection with Nosema, and none of thelive bees had apparent Nosema. Without being limited to one explanation,this could be due to a more rapid mortality of infected bees.

Example 4: dsRNA Targeting Nosema Mitosomal and Non-Mitosomal ATP/ADPTransporter Homologues Effectively Reduces Transcript Levels of theTargeted ATP/ADP Transporter Homologues

In order to determine whether feeding bees dsRNA of Nosema mitosomal andnon-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter homologues results in a specificeffect on expression of the targeted genes, and not in a generalizedalteration of Nosema metabolism and/or gene expression, transcriptlevels of specific targeted genes in infected bees were evaluated byReal-Time PCR, and standardized against housekeeping gene expression(Nosema tubulin).

FIG. 5 illustrates the effect of feeding bees dsRNA of Nosema mitosomaland non-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter homologues on the transcriptlevels of specific Nosema mitosomal proteins (Nc123, SEQ ID NO: 19).Feeding dsRNA of Nosema mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter homologue Nc006(“NC006 Treatment”) did not reduce the expression of Nosema mitosomaland non-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter homologue Nc123. Feeding beesdsRNA of Nosema mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter homologue Nc123(complementary to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57) alone(“NC123 Treatment”), or in combination with one (“NC6+NC123 Treatment”)or more (“R.N. Treatment”) other Nosema mitosomal and non-mitosomalATP/ADP transporter homologues (Nc006, complementary to the sequence asset forth in SEQ ID NO: 56, Nc014, complementary to the sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO: 58 and Nc017, complementary to the sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO: 59) consistently resulted in specific silencing of60-70% of Nosema mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter homologue Nc123 geneexpression. Thus, silencing of Nosema genes by feeding bees with dsRNAof Nosema mitosomal and non-mitosomal proteins results in effective andtranscript-specific silencing of the target Nosema gene expression.

Example 5: Synergic Enhancement of Survival Following Nosema Infectionby Feeding dsRNA Targeting Nosema Mitosomal and Non-Mitosomal Proteins

In order to determine the effect of silencing individual Nosemamitosomal and non-mitosomal energy-related homologues with dsRNA on beeresistance to Nosema infection, survival of bees in minihives followingfeeding with a variety of dsRNAs of Nosema mitosomal and non-mitosomalenergy-related homologues was monitored.

FIG. 6 shows that feeding dsRNAs of some, but not all of the Nosemamitosomal and non-mitosomal energy-related homologues tested resulted insignificantly enhanced survival of the treated bees following infectionwith Nosema [see, for example, “nc14” (complementary to the sequence asset forth in SEQ ID NO: 58) and “tom70” (complementary to the sequenceas set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55) compared to “nc17” (complementary to thesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59) or “nc123” (complementary to thesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57)]. Feeding bees combined dsRNA ofmore than one Nosema mitosomal and non-mitosomal energy-relatedorthologue was also not always equally effective—dsRNA of combinedNosema mitosomal and non-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter homologues andthe mitosomal TOM-70 orthologue (“REN+tom70”) was significantly moreeffective in enhancing survival than the Nosema mitosomal andnon-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter homologues alone (“REN”). FIG. 7 showsthat the enhanced survival of bees fed with dsRNA of combined Nosemamitosomal and non-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporter homologues and themitosomal TOM-70 orthologue (“REN+tom70”) was significant for the entireduration of the study.

Feeding bees a combination of dsRNA of Nosema non-mitosomal ATP/ADPtransporter homologues nc014 and nc017, and the mitosomal TOM-70orthologue was effective in enhancing survival in minihive experiments(FIG. 8). Whereas the bee population fed sucrose only (“S.O.”) declinedmore than a third by day 20 following infection, survival of bees fedthe combined dsRNA for Nosema ATP/ADP transporter homologues nc014 andnc017 with dsRNA for Nosema TOM-70 (“TOM 70+NC14+NC17”) remained highthroughout the duration of the study.

Spore counts from live bees treated with combined dsRNA for NosemaATP/ADP transporter homologues nc014 and nc017 with dsRNA for NosemaTOM-70 (“TOM 70+NC14+NC17”) (FIG. 9) and live control bees (“S.O.”)(FIG. 10) taken at completion of the minihive study (day 20) indicatenear absence of Nosema infection in the live control bees, while highlevels of Nosema infection were detected in the live bees fed dsRNA.While not wanting to be limited to a single hypothesis, this may beexplained by the phenomenon of high susceptibility to mortality fromNosema infection in the untreated bees, leaving only uninfected beesalive in the hives, while in the bees fed the Nosema dsRNA, enhancedresistance to the effects of the parasite infection resulted in reducedmortality and greater survival among infected bees.

Resistance of the bees to Nosema infection was also tested by feedingdsRNAs of Nosema mitosomal and non-mitosomal energy-related homologuesprior to infection with the parasite, and monitoring survival of thebees in box protocol (continuous feeding) following infection. FIG. 11illustrates the superior survival, over more than 2 weeks, of bees feddsRNA of combined Nosema mitosomal and non-mitosomal ATP/ADP transporterhomologues (nc123, nc006, nc014 and nc017) and the mitosomal TOM-70orthologue (REN+TOM 70, “Treatment C”), compared to infected (“TreatmentB”) bees, and even to uninfected bees (“Treatment A”) bees fed sucroseonly.

Thus, the results brought herein clearly indicate that gene silencing byfeeding bees dsRNA of some, but not all Nosema mitosomal andnon-mitosomal proteins associated with energy metabolism such as ATP/ADPtransporter and TOM-70 homologues, can effectively reduce Nosemainfection and virulence, enhancing overall survival, and specificallyenhancing survival of Nosema-infected bees.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specificembodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modificationsand variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives,modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scopeof the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated in their entirety by referenceinto the specification, to the same extent as if each individualpublication, patent or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. Inaddition, citation or identification of any reference in thisapplication shall not be construed as an admission that such referenceis available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent thatsection headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarilylimiting.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A method for reducing the susceptibility of a beeor increasing the survival rate of a bee colony to a Nosema ceranaeinfection, the method comprising feeding a bee of the bee colony aneffective amount of an isolated nucleic acid agent comprising a nucleicacid sequence of at least 19 contiguous nucleotides capable of bindingthrough complementary base pairing to an mRNA encoding a Nosema ceranaepolypeptide, wherein the Nosema ceranae polypeptide is selected from thegroup consisting of Nc014 and Nc017, and wherein expression of the mRNAencoding the Nosema ceranae polypeptide is downregulated, therebyreducing the susceptibility of said bee or increasing the survival rateof said bee colony to said Nosema ceranae infection.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said bee is a honeybee.
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein said honeybee is a forager.
 4. The method of claim 2, whereinsaid honeybee is a hive bee.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein saidnucleic acid agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence of at least 19contiguous nucleotides complementary to any of the sequences as setforth in the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 46, 47, 58, and
 59. 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid agent comprises a pluralityof nucleic acid sequences of at least 19 contiguous nucleotidescomplementary to any of the sequences as set forth in the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs: 58 and
 59. 7. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid feeding comprises providing a liquid bee-ingestible composition. 8.The methods of claim 1, wherein said feeding comprises providing a solidbee-ingestible composition.
 9. A method for reducing the susceptibilityof a bee or increasing the Survival rate of a bee colony to a Nosemaceranae infection, the method comprising feeding a bee of the bee colonyan effective amount of a nucleic acid agent comprising at least twonon-contiguous nucleic acid sequences capable of binding throughcomplementary base pairing to an mRNA encoding a Nosema ceranaepolypeptide, wherein said nucleic acid sequences comprise at least onenucleic acid sequence of at least 19 contiguous nucleotidescomplementary to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59 and at leastone nucleic acid sequence of at least 19 contiguous nucleotidescomplementary to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 57 or 58, andwherein expression of the mRNA encoding a Nosema ceranae polypeptide isdownregulated, thereby reducing the susceptibility of said bee orincreasing the survivability increasing the survival rate of said beecolony to said Nosema ceranae infection.
 10. A method for reducing thesusceptibility of a bee or increasing the survival rate of a bee colonyto a Nosema ceranae infection, the method comprising feeding a bee ofthe bee colony an effective amount of a nucleic acid agent comprising atleast two non-contiguous nucleic acid sequences capable of bindingthrough complementary base pairing to an mRNA encoding a Nosema ceranaepolypeptide, wherein said nucleic acid sequences comprise a plurality ofnucleic acid sequences comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence ofat least 19 contiguous nucleotides complementary to a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 58 and 59, and whereinexpression of the mRNA encoding a Nosema ceranae polypeptide isdownregulated, thereby reducing the susceptibility of said bee orincreasing the survival rate of said bee colony to said Nosema ceranaeinfection.
 11. A method of reducing the susceptibility of a bee orincreasing the survival rate of a bee colony to a Nosema ceranaeinfection, the method comprising feeding a bee of the bee colony aneffective amount of double stranded ribonucleic nucleic acid (dsRNA),said dsRNA comprising at least one sequence complementary to at least 21nucleotides of a Nosema ceranae-specific mRNA encoding a Nosema ceranaepolypeptide, wherein the Nosema ceranae polypeptide is selected from thegroup consisting of Nc014 and Nc017, and wherein the dsRNA is capable ofinducing degradation of said Nosema ceranae-specific mRNA.